Catholic Philosophy of the Twentieth Century: Problems of Human Existence through the Prism of Cultural Dynamics

The article is devoted to the consideration of existential problems in the works of Catholic authors-philosophers of the twentieth century. The author emphasizes that Catholic philosophers, unlike Orthodox theologians, strictly following the tradition,
and Protestant theologians, radically changing the dogmatic provisions of the faith, retain the ideological core of Christianity, but actively adapt it to socio-cultural changes. This is expressed, first of all, in an appeal to dialogue with a variety of non-Catholic authors of the twentieth century and in the commentary of active historical changes. The author focuses on such large figures as Jacques Maritain, Karl Rahner, Pope John Paul II, E. Munier. The article shows that among the whole group of existential problems (freedom, communication, love, dignity, anxiety, etc.) in Catholic philosophy the theme of personality, its choice and responsibility comes to the fore, it turns out to be Central. The theme of personality is associated with the relationship between man and God, outside of which personality can not take place. The article also notes the importance of the theme of values presented in Dietrich von Hildebrand's philosophy for Catholic existential reflections.